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The reviews frequently praise the book for its enduring relevance, with many readers finding its critique of society and existential themes surprisingly fresh and applicable even today. Baroja's writing style is consistently highlighted as a major strength; it is described as simple, direct, and agile, employing short, well-constructed chapters and concise, impactful sentences that prevent the narrative from becoming tedious or overly grandiloquent. Reviewers admire the author's ability to vividly describe characters and settings with just a few strokes, often comparing his impressionistic technique and detached tone to the later style of Ernest Hemingway. The novel is also lauded for its sharp social commentary on late 19th-century Spain, portraying a gallery of memorable, often cynical, secondary characters, while still maintaining an engaging sense of irony and humor, particularly through the character of Lulú. Its philosophical depth, explored through the protagonist's internal struggles and dialogues, is seen as a significant draw, prompting readers to reflect on life's meaning, pessimism, and the pursuit of knowledge.

Despite its strengths, the book draws criticism, primarily for its pervasive and often overwhelming pessimism. Some readers find the protagonist, Andrés Hurtado, to be excessively melancholic, insufferable, and even arrogant, complaining constantly about everything and everyone around him. A common point of contention is the philosophical content, which, while appreciated by some, is deemed by others as artificial, dense, or preachy, particularly in the extended dialogues between Andrés and his uncle. Several reviewers felt that the book lacked a compelling plot, describing it as a series of disconnected events rather than a cohesive narrative, which contributed to a sense of boredom or tediousness. Additionally, some critics note the novel's dated aspects, including the author's personal misogynistic or antisemitic leanings, and an aristocratic individualism that feels outmoded. For many, especially those encountering it as mandatory school reading, the book became a chore, leading to strong negative reactions and a feeling of wasted time.

Ultimately, "El árbol de la ciencia" emerges as a complex and polarizing work, often considered a significant classic in Spanish literature despite its divisive reception. It is highly recommended for readers who appreciate deeply introspective, character-driven novels that delve into philosophical pessimism and existential questions. Those interested in a vivid, critical portrayal of Spanish society at the turn of the 20th century, presented through a direct and unadorned prose style, are likely to find it compelling. While its bleak worldview and philosophical digressions may not appeal to all, particularly those seeking a fast-paced plot or an optimistic outlook, it offers a profound and thought-provoking experience for readers who enjoy intellectual engagement and can identify with a protagonist's journey of disillusionment and self-discovery.